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etymology the word name comes from the greeks oe nama akin to old high german ohg namo latin nomen and greek onoma possibly from the proto indo european language pie nomn in mythology in arthurian mythology part of the code of honor and chivalry practiced by knights is that a knight who loses a duel must reveal his name to the victor it is considered a breach of honor or decorum to reveal one s name before combat a frequent topos is that a defeated knight will after revealing his name ask the victor what his name is if the victor turns out to actually be a much more strong and famous knight e g one of arthur s knights the loser actually saves face because he was beaten by a knight obviously held to already be stronger than him and thus there is no shame in defeat however if a strong and powerful knight is defeated and the victor turns out to be a relatively unknown and not particularly strong knight it is a grave humiliation as a result of this pattern it is considered extremely odd within the rules of arthurian society when a knight refuses to take off his helmet or reveal his identity even after he has won a duel sometimes this results from the victorious knight simply not knowing his own name as was the case with lancelot and percival during their early careers this inability to reveal their own name even in victory led many to incorrectly assume they were trying to intentionally insult the vanquished a major exception to this rule is sir gawain gawain considers himself to be the greatest of his uncle arthur s knights and he feels that his honor is so great that he does not need to hide from revealing it thus at the opening of any duel gawain will simply openly announce i am gawain as it will not diminish his honor to reveal it in religious thought further information of god in the ancient world particularly in the ancient near east israel mesopotamia egypt persia were thought to be extremely powerful and to act in some ways as a separate manifestation of a person or deity this viewpoint is responsible both for the reluctance to use the proper name of god in hebrew writing or speech as well as the common understanding in ancient magic that magical rituals had to be carried out in someone s name by invoking a god or spirit by name one was thought to be able to summon that spirit s power for some kind of miracle or magic see luke 9 49 in which the disciples claim to have seen a man driving out demons using the name of jesus this understanding passed into later religious tradition for example the stipulation in catholic exorcism that the demon cannot be expelled until the exorcist has forced it to give up its name at which point the name may be used in a stern command which will drive the demon away biblical in the old testament the of individuals are meaningful for example adam is after the earth adam from which he was created genesis 2 a change of name indicates a change of status for example the patriarch abram and his wife sarai are re abraham and sarah when they are told they will be the father and mother of many nations genesis 17 4 17 15 simon was re peter when he was given the keys of the kingdom of heaven matthew 16 throughout the bible characters are given at birth that reflect something of significance or describe the course of their lives for example solomon meant peace and the king with that name was the first whose reign was without warfare likewise joseph his firstborn son manasseh hebrew causing to forget as a gesture of forgiveness to his brothers for selling him into slavery biblical jewish people did not have sur which were passed from generation to generation however they were typically known as the child of their father for example david ben yishay meaning david son of jesse in a sense they used their fathers first as their own last a practice done by most muslims today similary to jewish the ben is in place by bin or ibn for males binte binti or ibnu for females to muslims sometimes include al ali allah lah llah or ullah as it means a servant to god or god s servant they would sometimes indicate the place they or their child live in talmudic attitudes the babylonian talmud maintains that exert a mystical influence over their bearers and a change of name is one of four actions that can avert an evil heavenly decree that would lead to punishment after one s death rabbinical commentators differ as to whether the name s influence is metaphysical connecting a person to their soul or bio socio psychological where the connection affects his personality appearance and social capacities the talmud also states that all those who descend to gehenna will rise in the time of messiah however there are three exceptions one of which is he who calls another by a derisive nickname technical for for name of a name of name person anthroponym place toponym body of water hydronym ethnic group ethnonym false name pseudonym author writing under an assumed name pen name or pseudonym item after a person eponym other onym suffixed words convention for wikipedia s own conventions see wikipedia article titles a convention is an attempt to systematize in a field so they unambiguously convey similar information in a similar manner several major conventions include in astronomy planetary nomenclature in classics roman conventions in computer programming identifier conventions in computer networking computer schemes in the sciences systematic for a variety of things naming conventions are useful in many aspects of everyday life enabling the casual user to understand larger structures street within a city may follow a naming convention some examples include in manhattan roads that go across the island east west are called streets while those that run the length of the island north south are called avenues manhattan streets and avenues are numbered with 1st street being near the southern end of the island and 219th street being near the northern end while 1st avenue is near the eastern edge of the island and 12th avenue near the western edge in ontario numbered concession roads are east west whereas lines are north south routes in san francisco at least three series of parallel streets are alphabetically named e g irving judah kirkham lawton moraga noriega ortega pacheco quintara rivera santiago taraval ulloa vicente wawona the same tendency is seen in the back bay neighborhood of boston massachusetts where arlington street is followed by roads to the west running parallel to it and named berkeley clarendon dartmouth exeter fairfield gloucester and hereford in washington dc east west streets towards the south toward the potomac river are lettered a b c omitting j to avoid confusion on street signs and addresses but after these are exhausted to the north the streets are named with simple words in alpabetical order omitting a few letters such as x the first cycle of consists all of one syllable words then followed by a cycle of two syllable words then followed by a cycle of three syllable words and before these are exhausted maryland is reached washington has north south streets that are numbered going from west to east in montgomery alabama the old major avenues are named for the presidents of the united states in their order of entering office omitting john quincy adams hence these streets are washington ave adams ave jefferson ave madison ave monroe ave jackson ave but not much farther than that this was just the old plan from a long time ago and it was eventually dropped for example there is not a buchanan ave a lincoln ave or a johnson ave in brampton ontario different sections of town all have streets starting with the same letter and the alphabetical order reflects chronology in phoenix arizona roads east of central avenue are termed streets while those west are avenues large corporate university or government campuses may follow a naming convention for rooms within the buildings to help orient tenants and visitors otherwise rooms may be numbered in some kind of a rational scheme parents may follow a naming convention when selecting for their children some have chosen alphabetical by birth order in some east asian cultures it is common for one syllable in a two syllable given name to be a generation name which is the same for immediate siblings in many cultures it is common for the son to be named after the father or a grandfather in certain african cultures such as in cameroon the eldest son gets the family name for his given name also giving such as thomas thomas but the are not european like this one in other cultures the name may include the place of residence or the place of birth the roman naming convention denotes social rank products may follow a naming convention automobiles typically have a binomial name a make manufacturer and a model in addition to a model year such as a 2007 chevrolet corvette sometimes there is a name for the car s decoration level or trim line as well e g cadillac escalade ext platinum after the precious metal computers often have increasing numbers in their to signify the next generation courses at schools typically follow a naming convention an abbreviation for the subject area and then a number ordered by increasing level of difficulty many numbers e g bank accounts government ids credit cards etc are not random but have an internal structure and convention virtually all organizations that assign or numbers will follow some convention in generating these identifiers airline flight numbers space shuttle flight numbers even phone numbers all have an internal convention brand main article brand the process of developing a name for a brand or product is heavily influenced by marketing research and strategy to be appealing and marketable the brand name is often a neologism or pseudoword such as kodak or sony literary in fiction proper names of people or places are often unique to the work in which they appear although within the work of fiction proper the name may nontheless be said to have a certain ethnic origin the name itself may not actually exist for example the character of ororo munro storm of the x men franchise is of african descent her first name however is not an authentic african name names may also be created to either represent ethnic neutrality or corruption of a name with the passage of time this is a common technique used by science fiction and fantasy writers who may also employ alternate spellings of existing names also many science fiction operates on the premise that racial and ethnic boundaries will cease to exist in the future thus producing names that appear to be mixes of different ethnic sources yoshiyuki tomino creator of the anime mobile suit gundam is notable for creating character names that are unusual exotic and sometimes silly sounding examples include char aznable which is actually based on a real person bright noa quess paraya and marvel frozen the science fiction writer isaac asimov has also created names which may or may not be variants or corruptions of existing or ancient names examples include dors venabili r daneel olivaw and giskard reventlov the star wars and dune franchises contains many character names that juggle existing names with created ones leia organa ben kenobi paul atreides vladimir harkonnen name generator a name generator is a program that uses language rules or word combining techniques to generate a list of names see also anthroponymy arabic name bulgarian name chinese name family name germanic name given name greek name hebrew name hungarian name icelandic name indian name indonesian name including single word names japanese name javanese name korean name list of adjectival forms of place names most popular given names name at birth name letter effect nickname number names onomastics pakistani name palindromic name such as anna bob eve hannah nan and otto patronymic personal name polish name posthumous name proper name regnal name russian name spanish name surname temple name unisex name vietnamese name references dolphins name themselves with whistles study says national geographic news may 8 2006 http news nationalgeographic com news 2006 05 060508_dolphins html 160 online etymology dictionary http www etymonline com index php search name amp searchmode none retrieved 2008 09 20 160 the asterisk before a word indicates that it is a hypothetical construction not an attested form egyptian religion e a wallis budge arkana 1987 edition isbn 0 14 019017 1 further reading matthews elaine hornblower simon fraser peter marshall greek personal names their value as evidence proceedings of the british academy 104 oxford university press 2000 isbn 0197262163 http www sacred texts com bud btg btg41 htm name and form from sacred texts buddhism external links kate monk s onomastikon dictionary of names names over the world throughout the history what is a name the etymology of first names meaning of names the etymology of first names my name in arabic names in arabic calligraphy for free names in tibetan culture names in tibetan culture namgyal monastery institute of buddhist studies lexicon of greek personal names a major research project of the british academy oxford contains over 35 000 published greek names v 160 160 d 160 160 e personal names in world cultures akan arabic balinese bangladeshi belarussian bulgarian burmese cambodian canadian czech chinese croatian dutch ethiopian fijian finnish formosan french german ghanaian greek hawaiian hebrew hungarian icelandic igbo indian indonesian irish italian japanese javanese jewish korean lao latvian lithuanian malaysian mongolian okinawan pakistani persian philippine polish portuguese roman russian sakha scottish gaelic serbian sindhi spanish hispano american thai tibetan turkish ukrainian vietnamese yoruba categories names philosophical logic lexicography nomenclaturehidden categories articles needing additional references from june
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